Larangan Alih Fungsi Hutan Mangrove dalam Hukum Positif di Indonesia
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Abstract
Hutan mangrove memiliki fungsi ekologis penting sebagai pelindung pesisir, penyimpan karbon biru, serta penopang kehidupan sosial-ekonomi masyarakat, namun tekanan terhadap keberadaannya semakin meningkat akibat pembangunan pesisir, tambak, pariwisata, dan reklamasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji larangan alih fungsi hutan mangrove dalam hukum positif Indonesia termasuk memahami konstruksi normatif, mekanisme perizinan, serta instrumen pencegahan dan penegakan hukum yang diberlakukan terhadap kegiatan yang berpotensi merusak ekosistem mangrove dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif melalui pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Analisis dilakukan terhadap berbagai instrumen hukum, termasuk UU Kehutanan, UU PPLH, UU Pesisir, Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja, serta regulasi turunannya seperti PP 27/2025 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Ekosistem Mangrove dan Perpres 120/2020 tentang BRGM termasuk memahami konstruksi normatif, mekanisme perizinan, serta instrumen pencegahan dan penegakan hukum yang diberlakukan terhadap kegiatan yang berpotensi merusak ekosistem mangrove. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia telah memiliki kerangka hukum komprehensif yang menempatkan mangrove sebagai kawasan strategis yang wajib dilindungi, dengan mekanisme ketat terkait AMDAL, persetujuan lingkungan, zonasi pesisir, hingga adanya sanksi yang tegas. Namun efektivitasnya masih terhambat oleh tumpang tindih regulasi, lemahnya pengawasan, kepentingan ekonomi jangka pendek, serta rendahnya partisipasi masyarakat. Studi ini menegaskan pentingnya harmonisasi kebijakan, penegakan hukum yang konsisten, dan pemberdayaan masyarakat lokal, termasuk pengembangan alternatif ekonomi berbasis mangrove untuk menekan eksploitasi. Dengan demikian, perlindungan mangrove hanya dapat dicapai melalui pendekatan terpadu yang melibatkan pemerintah, masyarakat, dan sektor swasta dalam satu kesatuan pengelolaan ekosistem pesisir yang berkelanjutan.
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